12/7/2022 0 Comments Passport photo maker seria![]() Furthermore, it uses stronger encryption than BAC. Extended Access Control (EAC) EAC adds functionality to check the authenticity of both the chip (chip authentication) and the reader (terminal authentication). The chip contains a private key that cannot be read or copied, but its existence can easily be proven. Active Authentication (AA) AA prevents cloning of passport chips. ![]() According to a September 2011 United States Central Intelligence Agency document released by WikiLeaks in December 2014, "Although falsified e-passports will not have the correct digital signature, inspectors may not detect the fraud if the passports are from countries that do not participate in the International Civil Aviation Organization's Public Key Directory (ICAO PKD)." As of January 2017, 55 of over 60 e-passport-issuing countries belong to the PKD program. Readers need access to all used public country keys to check whether the digital signature is generated by a trusted country. If a file in the chip (e.g., the picture) is changed, this can be detected since the hash value is incorrect. The digital signature is made using a document signing key which itself is signed by a country signing key. The chip contains a file, Document Security Object (SOD), that stores hash values of all files stored in the chip (picture, fingerprint, etc.) and a digital signature of these hashes. Passive Authentication (PA) PA is aimed at identifying modification of passport chip data. If BAC is used, an attacker cannot (easily) eavesdrop transferred information without knowing the correct key. Before data can be read from a chip, the reader needs to provide a key which is derived from the Machine Readable Zone: the date of birth, the date of expiry and the document number. Basic Access Control (BAC) BAC protects the communication channel between the chip and the reader by encrypting transmitted information. Using random identification numbers is optional. Non-traceable chip characteristics Random chip identifiers reply to each request with a different chip number.
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